Analyzing the co-movement between CO2 emissions and disaggregated nonrenewable and renewable energy
This study investigates the time–frequency nexus of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions with economic growth, nonrenewable (i.e., coal, natural gas, and oil), and renewable (i.e., hydro and geothermal) energy consumption. In this context, BRICS countries (namely, Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China, and South Africa), which are